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Financial and operational factors influencing the provision of municipal solid waste services in large cities : report / prepared by Colin Macfarlane; coordinated by Philip Rushbrook / Macfarlane, Colin;Rushbrook, Philip;World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe

Tác giả : Macfarlane, Colin;Rushbrook, Philip;World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe

Nhà xuất bản : Copenhagen : WHO Regional Office for Europe

Năm xuất bản : 1998

Chủ đề : 1. Cities. 2. Environmental Health. 3. Financing, Government. 4. Refuse Disposal. 5. Waste Management.

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EUR/ICP/ENHA 01 01 01English only10 p. The management of urban solid waste is one of a number of essential public services provided directly or on behalf of local government. The allocated funding reflects both the need and the relative importance perceived by the public to be attached to each service. In low-income countries, the urban public is often apathetic about waste service, though, by its nature, it typically consumes a substantial proportion of urban revenues to provide even a bare minimum level of services. Local governments are loath to augment taxes to improve services for which there is little public enthusiasm. Reform can be expected to be gradual. Comparable attitudes and conditions prevailed in the rapidly growing cities of western Europe and North America until the second half of the 19th century. A strong growth of social reform together with respected and influential leaders eventually led to political changes and the assured public support needed to pay for service improvements. However, the process was lengthy. Several decades were required to achieve a reasonably uniform, good standard of waste collection and transportation, while substantial reform of disposal languished a further 80 years. In contrast to low-income countries, the proportion of urban revenues presently consumed by waste service in high-income countries is typically relatively modest. It seems reasonable that urban waste service expenditure is constrained by the state of prosperity. With exceptions the data suggest that large cities across a wide range of incomes are willing to spend up to 0.5% of the prevailing annual gross national product per capita. Greater expenditure is likely to meet increasing reluctance because the perceived social benefits do not warrant additional cost. The most effective and least costly means of improving urban waste services, especially in lower-income countries, is by the appointment of trained and motivated managers employing strict cost control, and accompanied by supportive elected representatives. Substantial improvements in urban cleanliness can often be identified by the selection of more appropriate waste collection methods and transportation vehicles, a better deployment of existing cleansing staff, and better designed collection routes to save time and money

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Thông tin dữ liệu nguồn

Thư viện	Ký hiệu xếp giá	Dữ liệu nguồn
Tổ chức y tế thế giới		https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/108114

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041	__	$aen
100	__	$aMacfarlane, Colin
245	__	$aFinancial and operational factors influencing the provision of municipal solid waste services in large cities : report / prepared by Colin Macfarlane; coordinated by Philip Rushbrook /$cMacfarlane, Colin;Rushbrook, Philip;World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe
260	__	$bCopenhagen : WHO Regional Office for Europe ,$c1998
520	__	$aEUR/ICP/ENHA 01 01 01English only10 p.
520	__	$aThe management of urban solid waste is one of a number of essential public services provided directly or on behalf of local government. The allocated funding reflects both the need and the relative importance perceived by the public to be attached to each service. In low-income countries, the urban public is often apathetic about waste service, though, by its nature, it typically consumes a substantial proportion of urban revenues to provide even a bare minimum level of services. Local governments are loath to augment taxes to improve services for which there is little public enthusiasm. Reform can be expected to be gradual. Comparable attitudes and conditions prevailed in the rapidly growing cities of western Europe and North America until the second half of the 19th century. A strong growth of social reform together with respected and influential leaders eventually led to political changes and the assured public support needed to pay for service improvements. However, the process was lengthy. Several decades were required to achieve a reasonably uniform, good standard of waste collection and transportation, while substantial reform of disposal languished a further 80 years. In contrast to low-income countries, the proportion of urban revenues presently consumed by waste service in high-income countries is typically relatively modest. It seems reasonable that urban waste service expenditure is constrained by the state of prosperity. With exceptions the data suggest that large cities across a wide range of incomes are willing to spend up to 0.5% of the prevailing annual gross national product per capita. Greater expenditure is likely to meet increasing reluctance because the perceived social benefits do not warrant additional cost. The most effective and least costly means of improving urban waste services, especially in lower-income countries, is by the appointment of trained and motivated managers employing strict cost control, and accompanied by supportive elected representatives. Substantial improvements in urban cleanliness can often be identified by the selection of more appropriate waste collection methods and transportation vehicles, a better deployment of existing cleansing staff, and better designed collection routes to save time and money
650	_2	$aWaste Management
650	_2	$aRefuse Disposal
650	_2	$aFinancing, Government
650	_2	$aCities
650	_2	$aEnvironmental Health
700	__	$aRushbrook, Philip
700	__	$aWorld Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe
856	__	$uhttps://iris.who.int/handle/10665/108114
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Financial and operational factors influencing the provision of municipal solid waste services in large cities : report / prepared by Colin Macfarlane; coordinated by Philip Rushbrook / Macfarlane, Colin;Rushbrook, Philip;World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe

Thông tin dữ liệu nguồn

Tài liệu cùng tác giả

Guidance on minimum approaches for improvements to existing municipal waste dumpsites / Rushbrook, Philip;World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe;European Centre for Environment and Health

Starting health care waste management in medical institutions : a practical approach by Philip Rusbrook with Candace Chandra and Sarah Gayton / Rushbrook, Philip;Chandra, Candace;Gayton, Sarah;World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe

The impact of cemetaries on the environment and public health: an introductory briefing / prepared by Ahmet S. Ucisik and Philip Rushbrook / Ucisik, Ahmet S;Rushbrook, Philip;World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe

Solid waste landfills in middle - and lower-income countries : a technical guide to planning, design, and operation / Philip Rushbrook, Michael Pugh

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